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When the American Revolution began in 1775, all but 25,000 of the 500,000 African Americans in British North America were enslaved!. Many were inspired by American proclamations of freedom, and both slaves and free blacks stood against the British!. The black minutemen at the Battle of Lexington in 1775 were Pompy of Braintree, Prince of Brookline, Cato Wood of Arlington, and Peter Salem, the slave of the Belknaps of Framingham, freed in order that he might serve in the Massachusetts militia!. Prince Estabrook, a slave in Lexington, was listed among those wounded in this first battle of the war!. African Americans also served in the Battle of Bunker Hill, where former slave Salem Poor received official commendation as 'a brave and gallant soldier!.' Before the war was over, more than 5000 African Americans from every state except Georgia and South Carolina served in the Revolutionary army!.

One of the first examples was the Free African Society, which was founded by Richard Allen and Absalom Jones in 1787!. The same year Prince Hall organized the African Masonic Lodge in Boston, and lodges of Prince Hall Masons were soon found in Philadelphia, New York City, and throughout Massachusetts and Rhode Island!.

In the 1770s David George founded the Silver Bluffs Church near Augusta, Georgia, and George Liele and Andrew Bryan established the forerunner of the First African Baptist Church in Savannah, Georgia!.

- David Walker's militant Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World (1829)
- In 1827 John Russwurm and Samuel Cornish founded the first black owned and operated newspaper, Freedom’s Journal, in New York!.
- a revolt led by Nat Turner, a slave, killed more than 50 whites in Virginia and increased slaveholders' conviction that such antislavery propaganda was dangerous!.
-African American history is the portion of American history that specifically discusses the African American or Black American ethnic group in the United States!.
- the Underground Railroad, Harriet Tubman who ventured into the South to lead people to freedom!. Through this underground, fugitives from slavery also escaped to freedom in the West Indies, Mexico, and Native American territories in Florida and the West!.
- New Yorker David Ruggles called for slave uprisings in the pages of the Liberator in 1841
- Black anger and pessimism increased in 1857 when the Supreme Court ruled in the Dred Scott case!. Scott, a slave, had sued for freedom based on his having lived with his master for two years in the free territory of present-day Minnesota!. In a major victory for slaveholders, the Court not only refused Scott’s petition for freedom but declared that blacks were not American citizens!.
- In April 1865 the Union defeated the Confederacy, and slavery came to an end!.
- The Reconstruction Act: Before applying for readmission to the Union, the Southern states were required to ratify the 14th Amendment and revise their constitutions to ensure that blacks had citizenship rights, including the right to vote!.
- In 1868 John W!. Menard became the first African American elected to the U!.S!. House of Representatives from Louisiana
- In 1870 Hiram Revels of Mississippi became the first black person to sit in the U!.S!. Senate!.
- Louisiana's lieutenant governor, P!.B!.S!. Pinchback, who had once been denied a seat in the U!.S!. Senate, served as acting governor after the white governor was removed from office on charges of corruption!.
- In 1877 former slave and abolitionist, John Mercer Langston, became U!.S!. minister to Haiti, and Frederick Douglass served as federal marshal of the District of Columbia!.
- The system of Southern segregation was often called the Jim Crow system, after an 1830s minstrel show character!. This character, a black slave, embodied negative stereotypes of blacks!.
- The composers Scott Joplin and W!. C!. Handy and the poet-novelist Paul Laurence Dunbar were among the black artists who achieved prominence at the turn of the century!.
- Labor leader A!. Philip Randolph and socialist Chandler Owen vigorously opposed World War I and were sentenced to over two years in jail for publishing their views
-Marcus Garvey who established the Universal ***** Improvement Association (UNIA), an international organization, in 1914
-NAACP and to W!.E!.B!. Du Bois, the editor of its Crisis magazine!.
- the Harlem Renaissance, a black cultural community of intellectuals, poets, novelists, actors, musicians, and painters!. This community included Alain Locke, a Harvard graduate and Rhodes scholar, who was one of several black academics who promoted African American and African culture!. Other important figures were Zora Neale Hurston, Langston Hughes, and Claude McKay!.
- the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, led by A!. Philip Randolph, worked with the industrial unions
- educator Mary McLeod Bethune, social worker Lawrence A!. Oxley, and poet Frank S!. Horne!. Some held official positions in the Roosevelt administration!. William H!. Hastie, dean of tWww@QuestionHome@Com

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