Position:Home>History> 19th Century Europe Questions HELP NEEDED!!!!!?

Parma: After the last of the Bourbon Dynasty was assassinated, Parma held a plebiscite, which voted to join Piedmont, which would become the Kingdom of Italy!.

Tuscany: Although, at the beginning of the Italian unification movement, a part of the Austrian Empire, Tuscany was transferred to the rule of Piedmont!.

Modena: After a sometimes brutal rule as a part of the Austrian Empire, the citizens of Modena revolted against Austrian rule during the European upheaval of 1848!. Although this revolt eventually failed, it weakened Austrian rule to the point where, in 1858, Modena voted to declare themselves part of the Kingdom of Italy!. This was backed up by an official plebiscite in 1860!.

Romagna: Romagna is part of the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy, which also became a part of the Kingdom of Italy during 1860!. The exact details of their joining the Kingdom eludes me, although I would venture to guess it was by plebiscite as well!.

Venetia: Venetia was part of the Austrian Empire until 1866!. During the Austro-Prussian war, the Kingdom of Italy sided with the Prussians, earning Venetia as a token of the Prussian's thanks!.

Garibaldi was a well known revolutionary of the 19th Century, having participated in numerous activities both in Italy and in South America!. During the 1860 Italian unification, he led a volunteer army of 1000 soldiers against the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies!. With his relatively small force, he conquered the island of Sicily!. With this success, his army grew in size, and he turned his sights on Naples!. After this successful conquest, he met the army of Piedmont, to whom he officially surrendered his territory!. With this act, Italy was essentially unified under one crown!.

Mazzini, like Garibaldi, as an Italian revolutionary!. He fought early battles for Italian unification and independence, although his early attempts to gather support were failures!. Mazzini formed a number of radical organizations not only in Italy, but in Germany, Switzerland, and Poland!. He wrote a number of manifestos, some that kept him on the run from the law in many countries!. During the Second War of Italian Unification, he attempted to fight with Garibaldi in his war against the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies!. He finally did fight with Garibaldi in his failed attempt to conquer Rome in 1862!. Unlike Garibaldi, who accepted the imperfect reality of Italian unification and retired to his island, Mazzini, was hostile to the unified power structure even to the point that he was arrested!. He lived his final year in London, exiled from Italy!.

Napoleon III left Rome in 1870 due to the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War!. After Napoleon was soundly defeated by the Prussians, the Italian army was free to enter the city!. The Pope's army put up a token defense, but it took only hours for the Italian army to breach the city walls and take Rome!. An official plebiscite was held, where an overwhelming majority voted for annexation!. In 1871, Rome officially became the capital of a unified Italy!. The Italian government attempted to give the Pope some kind of power, offering him the Leonine City!. However, the Pope refused this!. Pope Pious XI declared himself a Prisoner in the Vatican, a state all popes would accept until 1929 when Lateran Pacts created a miniature state called Vatican City which allowed for more normalized relations between the papacy and the world!.Www@QuestionHome@Com

---

---