Which country did oliver cromwell come from?

Question: Which country did oliver cromwell come from!?

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This article is about the Lord Protector of England from 1653 - 1658!. For other uses, see Oliver Cromwell (disambiguation)!.
Oliver Cromwell
Lord Protector of the
Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland (more!.!.!.)

An unfinished miniature portrait of Oliver Cromwell by Samuel Cooper, 1657!.
Reign 16 December 1653 – 3 September 1658
Coronation 16 December 1653
Predecessor Charles I
(King of England)
Successor Richard Cromwell
Consort Elizabeth Bourchier
Issue
Robert Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell
Bridget Cromwell

Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector
Henry Cromwell, Lord Deputy of Ireland
Elizabeth Cromwell
Mary Cromwell
Frances Cromwell

Father Robert Cromwell
Mother Elizabeth Steward
Born 25 April 1599(1599-04-25)
Huntingdon
Died 3 September 1658 (aged 58)
Whitehall, London
Burial Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 – 3 September 1658) was an English military and political leader best known for his involvement in making England into a republican Commonwealth and for his later role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland!. He was one of the commanders of the New Model Army, which defeated the royalists in the English Civil War!. After the execution of King Charles I in 1649, Cromwell dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England, conquered Ireland and Scotland, and ruled as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658!.

Cromwell was born into the ranks of the middle gentry, and remained relatively obscure for the first 40 years of his life, slipping down to the level of yeoman farmer for a number of years in the 1630s before returning to the ranks of the gentry thanks to an inheritance from his uncle!. After undergoing a religious conversion during the same decade, he made an Independent style of Puritanism a core tenet of his life!. Cromwell was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Cambridge in the Short (1640) and Long (1640-49) Parliaments, and later entered the English Civil War on the side of the "Roundheads" or Parliamentarians!.

A brilliant soldier (nicknamed "Old Ironsides") he rose from leading a single cavalry troop to command of the entire army!. Cromwell was the third person to sign Charles I's death warrant in 1649 and was an MP in the Rump Parliament (1649-1653), being chosen by the Rump to take command of the English campaign in Ireland during 1649-50!. He then led a campaign against the Scottish army between 1650-51!. On 20 April 1653 he dismissed the Rump Parliament by force, setting up a short-lived nominated assembly known as the Barebones Parliament before being made Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland on 16 December 1653 until his death!. When the Royalists returned to power in 1660, his corpse was dug up, hung in chains, and beheaded!.

Cromwell has been a very controversial figure in the history of Britain and Ireland – a regicidal dictator to some historians (such as David Hume and Christopher Hill) and a hero of liberty to others (such as Thomas Carlyle and Samuel Rawson Gardiner)!. In Britain he was elected as one of the Top 10 Britons of all time in a 2002 BBC poll!.[1] His measures against Irish Catholics have been characterized by some historians as genocidal or near-genocidal,[2] and in Ireland itself he is widely hated!.[3][4]

Contents [hide]
1 Early years: 1599–1640
2 Member of Parliament: 1628–1629 and 1640–1642
3 Military commander: 1642–1646
4 Politics: 1647–1649
5 Establishment of the Commonwealth: 1649
6 Irish Campaign: 1649–50
7 Debate over Cromwell's impact on Ireland
8 Scottish Campaign: 1650–1651
9 Return to England and dissolution of the Rump Parliament: 1651-53
10 The establishment of Barebones Parliament: 1653
11 The Protectorate: 1653-1658
12 Death and posthumous execution
13 Posthumous reputation
14 References
15 Footnotes
15!.1 Biographies
15!.2 Military studies
15!.3 Surveys of era
15!.4 Primary sources
16 External links

[edit] Early years: 1599–1640
Relatively few sources survive about the first 40 years of Cromwell's life!. He was born in Huntingdon on 25 April 1599,[5] to Elizabeth and Robert Cromwell (c!.1560-1617)!. He was descended from Catherine Cromwell (born circa 1482), an older sister of Tudor statesman Thomas Cromwell!. Catherine was married to Morgan ap Williams, son of William ap Yevan of Wales and Joan Tudor (reportedly a granddaughter of Owen Tudor, which would make Cromwell a distant cousin of his Stuart foes)!. The family line continued through Richard Cromwell (c!. 1500–1544), Henry Cromwell (c!. 1524–January 6, 1603), then to Oliver's father Robert Cromwell (c!. 1560–1617), who married Elizabeth Steward or Stewart (1564–1654) on the day of Cromwell's birth!. Thus, Thomas was Oliver's second great-granduncle!.[6]

The social status of Cromwell's family at his birth was relatively low within the gentry class!. His father was a younger son, and one of 10 siblings who survived into adulthood!. As a result, Robert's inheritance was limited to a house in Huntingdon and a small amount of land!. This land would have generated an income of up to ￡300 a year, near the bottom of the range of gentry incomes!.[7] Cromwell himself, much later in 1654, said "I was by birth a gentleman, living neither in considerable height, nor yet in obscurity"!.[8]

Records survive of Cromwell's baptism and of his attendance at Huntingdon grammar school!. He went on to study at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, which was then a recently founded college with a strong puritan ethos!. He left in June 1617 without taking a degree, immediately after the death of his father!. Early biographers claim he then attended Lincoln's Inn, but there is no record of him in the Inn's archives!. He is likely to have returned home to Huntingdon, given that his mother was widowed, his seven sisters were unmarried, and there was hence a need to take charge of the family!.[9]

On 22 August 1620, Cromwell married Elizabeth Bourchier (1598–1665)!. They had nine children:

Robert (1621-1639), died while away at school!.
Oliver (1622-1644), died of typhoid fever while serving as a Parliamentarian officer!.
Bridget (1624-1681), married (1) Henry Ireton, (2) Charles Fleetwood!.
Richard (1626-1712), Cromwell's successor as Lord Protector!.[10]
Henry (1628-1674), later Lord Deputy of Ireland!.
Elizabeth (1629-1658), married John Claypole!.
James (b!. & d!. 1632), died in infancy!.
Mary (1637-1713), married Thomas Belasyse, 1st Earl Fauconberg!.
Frances (1638-1720), married (1) Robert Rich, (2) Sir John Russell, 4th Baronet!.
Elizabeth's father, Sir James Bourchier, was a London merchant who owned extensive land in Essex and had strong connections with puritan gentry families there!. The marriage brought Cromwell into contact with Oliver St John and also with leading members of the London merchant community, and behind them the influence of the earls of Warwick and Holland!. Membership of this godly network would prove crucial to Cromwell’s military and political career!. At this stage, though, there is little evidence of Cromwell’s own religion!. His letter in 1626 to Henry Downhall, an Arminian minister, suggests that Cromwell had yet to be influenced by radical puritanism!.[11] However, there is evidence that Cromwell went through a period of personal crisis during the late 1620s and early 1630s!. He sought treatment for valde melancolicus (depression) from London doctor Theodore de Mayerne in 1628!. He was also caught up in a fight among the gentry of Huntingdon over a new charter for the town, as a result of which he was called before the Privy Council in 1630!.[12]

In 1631 Cromwell sold most of his properties in Huntingdon — probably as a result of the dispute — and moved to a farmstead in St Ives!. This was a major step down in society compared to his previous position, and seems to have had a major emotional and spiritual impact!. A 1638 letter survives from Cromwell to the wife of Oliver St John, and gives an account of his spiritual awakening!. The letter outlines how, having been the "the chief of sinners", Cromwell had been called to be among "the congregation of the firstborn"!.[13] The language of this letter, which is saturated with biblical quotations and which represents Cromwell as having been saved from sin by God's mercy, places his faith firmly within the Independent beliefs that the Reformation had not gone far enough, that much of England was still living in sin, and that Catholic beliefs and ceremonies needed to be fully removed from the church!.

Oliver Cromwell's house in ElyIn 1636, Cromwell inherited control of various properties in Ely from his uncle on his mother's side, as well as his uncle's job as tithe collector for Ely Cathedral!. As a result, his income is likely to have risen to around ￡300-400 per year!.[14] As a result, by the end of the 1630s Cromwell had returned to the ranks of the gentry!. He had become a committed puritan and had also established important family links to leading families in London and Essex!.

[edit] Member of Parliament: 1628–1629 and 1640–1642
Cromwell became the Member of Parliament for Huntingdon in the Parliament of 1628–1629, as a client of the Montagus!. He made little impression: records for the Parliament show only one speech (against the Arminian Bishop Richard Neile), which was poorly received!.[15] After dissolving this Parliament, Charles I ruled without a Parliament for the next eleven years!. When Charles faced the Scottish rebellion known as the Bishops' Wars, shortage of funds forced him to call a Parliament again in 1640!. Cromwell was returned to this Parliament as member for Cambridge, but it lasted for only three weeks and became known as the Short Parliament!.

A second Parliament was called later the same year!. This was to beWww@QuestionHome@Com

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