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Henna or Hina (Lawsonia inermis, syn!. L!. alba) is a flowering plant, the sole species in the genus Lawsonia in the family Lythraceae!. It is native to tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, southern Asia, and northern Australasia in semi-arid zones!. Henna is a tall shrub or small tree, 2–6 m high!. It is glabrous, multibranched with spine tipped branchlets!. Leaves are opposite, entire, glabrous, sub-sessile, elliptical, and broadly lanceolate (1!.5–5!.0 cm x 0!.5–2 cm), acuminate, having depressed veins on the dorsal surface!. During the onset of precipitation intervals, the plant grows rapidly; putting out new shoots, then growth slows!. The leaves gradually yellow and fall during prolonged dry or cool intervals!. Henna flowers have four sepals and a 2 mm calyx tube with 3 mm spread lobes!. Petals are obvate, white or red stamens inserted in pairs on the rim of the calyx tube!. Ovary is four celled, style up to 5 mm long and erect!. Fruits are small, brownish capsules, 4–8 mm in diameter, with 32–49 seeds per fruit, and open irregularly into four splits!. Lawsone content in leaves is negatively associated with the number of seeds in the fruits!.


1 Cultivation and uses
2 Preparation and application of paste
3 Traditions of henna as body art
4 Health effects
5 Black henna




Cultivation and uses


Small Henna plantHenna, Lawsonia inermis, produces a red-orange dye molecule, lawsone!. This molecule has an affinity for bonding with protein, and thus has been used to dye skin, hair, fingernails, leather, silk and wool!. Henna's indigenous zone is the tropical savannah and tropical arid zone, in latitudes between 15° and 25° N and S from Africa to the western Pacific rim, and produces highest dye content in temperatures between 35°C and 45°C!. It does not thrive where minimum temperatures are below 11°C!. Temperatures below 5°C will kill the henna plant!. The dye molecule, lawsone, is primarily concentrated in the leaves, and is in the highest levels in the petioles of the leaf!. Products sold as "black henna" or "neutral henna" are not made from henna, but may be derived from indigo (in the plant Indigofera tinctoria) or Cassia obovata, and may contain unlisted dyes and chemicals!.

Henna is commercially cultivated in western India, Pakistan, Morocco, Yemen, Iran, Afghanistan, Somalia, Sudan and Libya!. Presently the Pali district of Rajasthan is the most heavily cultivated henna production area in India, with over 100 henna processors operating in Sojat City!.

Though henna has been used for body art and hair dye since the Bronze Age, henna has had a recent renaissance in body art due to improvements in cultivation, processing, and the diasporas of people from traditional henna using regions!.


Henna for sale at the Egyptian Bazaar in IstanbulThe word "henna" comes from the Arabic name for Lawsonia inermis, pronounced /?inna??/ or colloquially /?inna/!.

In the Bible's Song of Songs and Song of Solomon, henna is referred to as Camphire!.

In the Indian subcontinent, there are many variant words such as Mehndi in North India, Pakistan and Bangladesh!. In Telugu (India, Malaysia, USA), it is known as Gorintaaku!. In Tamil (South India, Singapore, Malaysia, Sri Lanka) it is called "Marudhaani" and is used as ground fresh leaves rather than as dried powder!. It is used in various festivals and celebrations and used by women and children!. It is left on overnight and will last one month or more depending on the plant and how well it was ground and how long it is left on!.

Henna has many traditional and commercial uses, the most common being as a dye for hair, skin and fingernails, as a dye and preservative for leather and cloth, and as an anti-fungal!. Henna was used as a hair dye in Indian court records around 400 CE, in Rome during the Roman Empire, and in Spain during Convivienca!. It was listed in the medical texts of the Ebers Papyrus (16th c BCE Egypt) and by Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (14th c CE (Syria and Egypt) as a medicinal herb!. In Morocco, wool is dyed and ornamented with henna, as are drumheads and other leather goods!. Henna will repel some insect pests and mildew!.

The United States Food and Drug Administration has not approved henna for direct application to the skin!. It is unconditionally approved as a hair dye, and can only be imported for that purpose!. Henna imported into the USA which appears to be for use as body art is subject to seizure, and at present it is illegal to use henna for body art in the U!.S!., though prosecution is rare!. The fast black stains of “black henna” are not made with henna, but are from p-phenylenediamine!. This can cause severe allergic reactions and permanent scarring!. No henna can make a black stain on a torso in ? hour!. P-phenylenediamine can stain skin black quickly, but the FDA specifically forbids PPD to be used for that purpose!.


Preparation and application of paste

Henna powderHenna body art is made by applying henna paste to the skin: the lawsone in the paste migrates into the outermost layer of the skin and makes a red-brown stain!.

Whole, unbroken henna leaves will not stain the skin!. Henna will not stain skin until the lawsone molecules are made available (released) from the henna leaf!. Fresh henna leaves will stain the skin if they are smashed with a mildly acidic liquid!. This will stain skin within moments, but it is difficult to form intricate patterns from coarse crushed leaves!. Dried ground, sifted henna leaves are easily worked into a paste that can used to make intricate body art!. Commercially available henna powder is made by drying the henna leaves and milling them to powder, then the powder is sifted!. This powder is mixed with lemon juice, strong tea, or other mildly acidic liquids!. Essential oils with high levels of "terps", monoterpene alcohols such as tea tree, eucalyptus, cajeput, or lavender will improve skin stain characteristics!. The henna mix must rest for 6 to 12 hours so the leaf cellulose is dissolved, making the lawsone available to stain the skin!. This is mixed to a toothpaste consistency and applied with a one of many traditional tools, including resist techniques, shading techniques, and thicker paste techniques, or the modern cellowrap cone!.

Once applied to the skin, lawsone molecules gradually migrate from the henna paste into the outer layer of the skin!. Though henna's lawsone will stain the skin within minutes, the longer the paste is left on the skin, the more lawsone will migrate!. Henna paste will yield as much dye as the skin can easily absorb in less than eight hours!. Henna tends to crack and fall off the skin during these hours, so it is often sealed down by dabbing a sugar/lemon mix over the dried paste, or simply adding some form of sugar to the paste!. This also adds to the colour of the end result, increasing the intensity of the shade!.

When the paste has fallen off the skin or been removed by scraping, the stain will be orange, but should darken over the following three days to a reddish brown!. Soles and palms have the thickest layer of skin and so take up the most lawsone, and take it to the greatest depth, so that hands and feet will have the darkest and most long-lasting stains!. Steaming or warming the henna pattern will darken the stain, either during the time the paste is still on the skin, or after the paste has been removed!. Chlorinated water and soaps may spoil the darkening process: alkaline may hasten the darkening process!. After the stain reaches its peak color it will appear to fade!. The henna stain is not actually fading, the skin is exfoliating: the lower, less stained cells, rise to the surface, until all stained cells are shed!.


Traditions of henna as body art


Mehndi on a hand

An intricate Mehandi patternThe different words for henna in ancient languages imply that henna had more than one point of discovery and origin, and different pathways of daily and ceremonial use!.

Henna has been used to adorn young women’s bodies as part of social and holiday celebrations since the late Bronze Age in the eastern Mediterranean!. The earliest text mentioning henna in the context of marriage and fertility celebrations comes from the Ugaritic legend of Baal and Anath , which has references to women marking themselves with henna in preparation to meet their husbands, and Anath adorning herself with henna to celebrate a victory over the enemies of Baal!. Wall paintings excavated at Akrotiri (dating prior to the eruption of Thera in 1680 BCE) show women with markings consistent with henna on their nails, palms and soles, in a tableau consistent with the henna bridal description from Ugarit Many statuettes of young women dating between 1500 and 500 BCE along the Mediterranean coastline have raised hands with markings consistent with henna!. This early connection between young, fertile women and henna seems to be the origin of the Night of the Henna, which is now celebrated world-wide!.

The Night of the Henna was celebrated by most groups in the areas where henna grew naturally: Jews, Muslims, Hindus, Christians and Zoroastrians, among others, all celebrated marriages by adorning the bride, and often the groom, with henna!.

Across the henna-growing region, Purim , Eid, Diwali, Karva Chauth, Passover, Nawruwz, Mawlid, and most saints’ days were celebrated with some henna!. Favorite horses, donkeys, and salukis had their hooves, paws, and tails hennaed!. Battle victories, births, circumcision, birthdays, Zar, as well as weddings, usually included some henna as part of the celebration!. When there was joy, there was henna, as long as henna was available!.

Henna was regarded as having “Barakah”, blessings, and was applied for luck as well as joy and beauty!. Brides typically had the most henna, and the most complex patterns, to support their greatest joy, and wishes foWww@QuestionHome@Com

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i'm really good doing henna art- also known as Mehndi,they say with my skill people pay heaps for that!.!.!.I live in Auckland city and i'm a uni student so any income wud help!!! for my sity ghaziabad, i am mukesh kumar my mo!. no 9971420020Www@QuestionHome@Com

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