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Position:Home>Philosophy> Philosophy Logic question Only those who took logic please?Question: Philosophy Logic question Only those who took logic please!? What are logical constants and variables!? Give examples!.
One more please if you can!. Explain the differences between logically true, contingent, and logically false statements!. Give examples of each!. Remember: scientific statements or other universally true factual statements are not necessarily (or even usually) logically true statements Thanks much!Www@QuestionHome@Com Best Answer - Chosen by Asker: In symbolic predicate logic, individual constants are analogs to singular terms in English!. A singular term in English is any word or phrase that designates some one thing, An example of a singular term is a proper name!. George Washington chopped down the cherry tree!. Here, "George Washington" is a singular term, and the predicate is "chopped down the cherry tree"!. Symbolization Key: C: _____chopped down the cherry tree g: George Washington So, the symbolization might go something like this: Cg Where 'g' is the individual constant!. On the other hand, variables - commonly used with quantifiers - are analogs to quantity terms in English, such as 'every', 'all', 'each', 'some', and 'none'!. Regarding the other question: A statement is logically true if and only if it is not possible for the statement to be false!. Some examples: Either John will go to the party or he will not go to the party!. If John goes to the party, he goes to the party!. A statement is logically false if and only it it is not possible for the statement to be true!. Some examples: John was born in May and John was not born in May!. Some dimes are not dimes!. A statement is contingent if and only if it is neither logically true nor logically false!. Contingent statements are statements for which justification must be sought, since these statements purport to give us information about the world!. These sorts of statements constitute most of the statements we encounter outside of logic and mathematics!.Www@QuestionHome@Com Constants in logical form are normally proper names or definite descriptions that are designated by some letter to represent them e!.g!. let 'k' stand for Kevin!. Variables are the unknown entities that will normally follow a quantifier which are most often represented by 'x' or 'y'!. It's really hard to explain because Y/A doesn't let me use logic symbols but a variable will be like: Some x, or All y!. Sometimes ‘logical truth’ is taken to mean only a valid logical argument: which, by definition, means the conclusion cannot be false while the premises are true!. This leads onto, what I think is the more interesting, notion of logical truth!. Logically true is more often called a 'necessary truth' which means that it is inconceivable for it to be otherwise!. One example is that 'I exist or I do not exist'!. An example of a 'necessary falsehood' is 'the circle was square'!. Within the philosophy of language they are called an 'analytic truth’ where the truth of the statement is held within it's own definition!. An example of this is 'the bachelor was unmarried'!. A 'contingent' truth is one that 'could have been otherwise'!. It depends on some state of affairs that has happened or could happen!. It is the opposite of necessity!. You're absolutely right to say that scientific statements and 'universals' are not necessarily logically true!. They will, more often than not, depend on a "conditional" statement!. The classic test of logical truthhood, the notion of necessity, is whether you can concieve of it's negation!. If you cannot, then it is necessary!. David Hume famously challenges the notion of necessity as incoherent, and Quine and A J Ayer are among the modern logicians who have challenged analyticity and necessity!.Www@QuestionHome@Com Logically, it would be best if you did your own research and homework rather than expecting people to do it for you!. Because logically, in the end, you would be better off!.Www@QuestionHome@Com Logical constants stand unchanged with time !. Logical variables change with time !. Though both are logically correct at the time of expressing !. All cows produce milk - true !. So all animals which produces milk are cows !.- false !.Www@QuestionHome@Com God is, is not logical but we are is!. When we are not God is!. If we are not how can God be!. One can be technically right as to fact and everlastingly wrong in the truth!.Www@QuestionHome@Com |