Position:Home>Philosophy> In ur own words define the terms ?

well not sure how i'll do but here it goes:

1!. a statement that is known as a fact!.
2!. diving deep into the elements and possibilities of knowledge!.
3!. the way of conducting ones pattern of reasoning!.
4!. something created by someone who wants to control what is said!.
5!. arguments which do not use deductive logic!.
6!. arguments which do use deductive logic!.
7!. a statement used to argue against another argument!.
8!. rapping up at the end of something and tieing up any loose ends!.
9!. the truth of something
10!. a firm opinion that has no holes in its reasoning!.
11!. a flawed element of an argument that destroys it's argument

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1!. these statements are true and not false
2!. Theory of Knowledge (ToK) is a course taken by all International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme students!. This course discusses how the student is able to know something!. The student is described as an "actor of knowledge" who attempts to find knowledge, where knowledge, as defined by Plato, is "justified true belief"!.

The course teaches that there are four Ways of Knowing (WoK): perception, emotion, reason, and language!. (In the new syllabus, "sense perception" has replaced "perception" in order to reduce ambiguity!.) also used are the following seven Areas of Knowledge (AoK), which are put here in the form of a spectrum, the two ends of which are labelled "objective" and "subjective", from left to right respectively: mathematics, natural sciences, social sciences, history, the arts, ethics, and spirituality!. also the course discusses Knowledge Issues, or limitations of knowledge, concerning the WoK and AoK!.

The course teaches nine reasons for justification of things one claims to know: logic, sensory perception, revelation, faith, memory, consensus, authority, intuition, and self-awareness!.

also studied are the four supposed truth tests: coherence, correspondence, pragmatism, and consensus!.

These nine justifications and four truth tests are key to the introduction of ToK!.

The course is formulated and centered around one main question: How do you know!? One is supposed to use the Ways of Knowing and the Areas of Knowledge to discuss how one acquires, perceives, and applies knowledge and how reliable it can be!. Another question central to the ideas of ToK, relating specifically to the application of knowledge is: What is your obligation as a knower!? Questions that may be discussed may include examples such as How do you know that the scientific method is a valid method of gaining knowledge!? or What is the reason for having historical knowledge, and how is it applied in life!?


During the later parts of the course or at its completion, students give an internally assessed oral presentation of about 10 minutes and write an essay of 1,200 to 1,600 words that will be assessed externally by the IBO!. The presentation follows a topic of the student's choosing while the paper must discuss one of 10 pre-determined topics that are changed each year!. The presentation may be undertaken as a group!. In both the presentation and the essay, the student is required to provide ample discussion of the Knowledge Issues, Areas of Knowledge, and Ways of Knowing concerning their topic as well as critical evaluation of their conclusions!.

ToK, like Creativity, Action, Service, is a required course for students in the IB Diploma Programme, and a good final score in both ToK and the Extended Essay may help the student receive up to three extra points towards his or her diploma!.

A final grade in ToK is necessary to receive the IB Diploma!. A failing grade or lack of a grade in ToK constitutes disqualification of a candidate for an IB Diploma!.
3!.Traditional philosophers identify two kinds of reasoning:
Inductive reasoning from specifics to a general conclusion about all of them: Many samples of ocean water are salty, so ocean water must be salty (but there could be exceptions)!.
Deductive reasoning from a general warrant and reason to a specific claim: Ocean water is always salty; this water is from the ocean, so it must be salty!.
But the more common kind of reasoning is abductive—reasoning that begins with a hypothesis that might explain the data in question!. We then test that hypothesis using whatever reasoning seems appropriate!. Abductive reasoning is problem-driven, a kind of reasoning that begins with a hypothesis that is the tentative solution to a problem!.

Each kind of reasoning is vulnerable to cognitive biases!.

When you think inductively, you risk basing a conclusion on too few instances!. You avoid that risk by gathering more evidence than you think you need and by learning something about statistical sampling and analysis!.
When you think deductively, you risk formulaic thinking, applying a rote warrant to every situation!.
When you think abductively, you risk fixating on the first hypothesis that springs to mind!. Guard against that by holding your earliest hypotheses delicately, by imagining more than one, and by deliberately seeking out evidence that disconfirms your favorite one!.

4!.In logic, the argument form or test form of an argument results from replacing the different words, or sentences, that make up the argument with letters, along the lines of algebra; the letters represent logical variables!. The sentence forms which classify argument forms of common important arguments are studied in logic!.


5!.------------------------------------!.!.!.

Here is an example of an argument:

A All humans are mortal!. Socrates is human!. Therefore, Socrates is mortal!.

We can rewrite argument A by puttinWww@QuestionHome@Com

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